GIẢI CHI TIẾT ĐỀ THI IELTS READING: Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)

GIẢI CHI TIẾT và DỊCH HOÀN THIỆN ĐỀ THI IELTS READING:

Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)

Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and become a well-known landscape photographer.

Sinh ra ở Scotland, Henderson di cư đến Canada vào năm 1855 và trở thành một nhà nhiếp ảnh phong cảnh nổi tiếng.

Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholding in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby. ĐOẠN 1

Alexander Henderson sinh ra ở Scotland vào năm 1831 và là con trai của một thương nhân thành đạt. Cha ông ta cũng được gọi là Alexander đã tạo lập công việc kinh doanh gia đình và sau đó trở thành chủ tịch đầu tiên của Ngân hàng quốc gia Scotland. Gia đình này nắm giữ quyền sử dụng đất rộng khắp Scotland. Ngoài chỗ ở tại Edinburgh, gia đình này sở hữu Press Estate, 650 mẫu Anh đất nông nghiệp khoảng 35 dặm về phía nam thành phố. Gia đình thường ở lâu đài Press, dinh thự lớn trên rìa phía bắc của khu đất và Alexander dành cả tuổi thơ ở đây, chơi trên bãi biển gần Eyemouth hay câu cá ở các dòng suối gần đó.

Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal. ĐOẠN 2

Thậm chí sau khi đi học tại học viện Murcheston ở ngoại ô Edinburgh, Henderson đã quay trở về Press vào lúc cuối tuần. Vào năm 1849, ông bắt đầu thực tập ba năm để trở thành một kế toán. Mặc dù ông chưa bao giờ thích triển vọng về một sự nghiệp kinh doanh, nhưng ông vẫn chấp nhận để làm vui lòng gia đình. Tuy nhiên, vào tháng 10 năm 1855, ông di cư đến Canada cùng vợ Agnes Elder Robertson và họ định cư ở Montreal.

Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish – Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association’s first meeting, which was held in Notman’s studio on 11 January 1860. ĐOẠN 3

Henderson đã học nhiếp ảnh ở Montreal khoảng năm 1857 và nhanh chóng đảm nhận công việc như một tay nghiệp dư nghiêm túc. Ông trở thành một người bạn thân và đồng nghiệp của nhiếp ảnh gia William Notman người Canada gốc Scotland. Hai người đàn ông này đã thực hiện chuyến du ngoạn chụp ảnh đến thác Niagara vào năm 1860 và họ hợp tác trong các thử nghiệm với vết mờ ở phim ảnh magie (do bị loé sáng) như một nguồn ánh sáng nhân tạo vào năm 1865. Họ thuộc về các đoàn hội tương tự nhau và là trong số những thành viên sáng lập của Hiệp hội nghệ thuật Montreal. Henderson đã đóng vai trò như chủ tịch hiệp hội trong cuộc họp đầu tiên được tổ chức tại xưởng Notman vào ngày 11 tháng Giêng năm 1860.

In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman’s landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson’s early work. ĐOẠN 4

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In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums. ĐOẠN 5

Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris. ĐOẠN 6

In the 1890s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lièvre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction. ĐOẠN 7

In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography. ĐOẠN 8

When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal. ĐOẠN 9

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Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Henderson rarely visited the area around Press estate when he was younger.

2 Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.

3 Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.

4 There were many similarities between Henderson’s early landscapes and those of Notman.

5 The studio that Henderson opened in 1866 was close to his home.

6 Henderson gave up portraiture so that he could focus on taking photographs of scenery.

7 When Henderson began work for the Intercolonial Railway, the Montreal to Halifax line had been finished.

8 Henderson’s last work as a photographer was with the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Questions 9-13

Complete the notes below
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

Alexander Henderson

Early life

• was born in Scotland in 1831 – father was a 9 …………………………

• trained as an accountant, emigrated to Canada in 1855

Start of a photographic career

• opened up a photographic studio in 1866

• took photos of city life, but preferred landscape photography

• people bought Henderson’s photos because photography took up considerable time and the 10 ……………………… was heavy

• the photographs Henderson sold were 11 …………………………… or souvenirs

Travelling as a professional photographer

• travelled widely in Quebec and Ontario in 1870s and 1880s

• took many trips along eastern rivers in a 12…………………………..

• worked for Canadian railways between 1875 and 1897

• worked for CPR in 1885 and photographed the 13 …………………………… and the railway at Rogers Pass

ĐÁP ÁN, GIẢI CHI TIẾT và DỊCH HOÀN THIỆN ĐỀ THI IELTS READING:

Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1F Henderson rarely visited the area around the Press estate when he was younger.

Henderson hiếm khi thăm khu vực xung quanh khu đất Press khi ông còn trẻ

Giải thích: đoạn 1 & đoạn 2

The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.

Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends.

2T Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.

Henderson theo đuổi sự nghiệp kinh doanh bởi vì nó là điều gia đình mong muốn

Giải thích: đoạn 2

Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family.

3NG Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.

Henderson và Notman ngạc nhiên bởi những kết quả của thí nghiệm 1865

Giải thích: đoạn 3 có đề cập đến thử nghiệm 1865 nhưng không nói gì đến cảm xúc của hai người này về kết quả thí nghiệm

The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865

Questions 9-13

Complete the notes below

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

Alexander Henderson

Early life ( Cuộc sống thuở ban đầu)

• was born in Scotland in 1831 – father was a 9 …………merchant………………

Sinh ra ở Scotland vào năm 1831 - cha là một thương nhân

• trained as an accountant, emigrated to Canada in 1855

Được đào tạo trở thành kế toán, nhập cư vào Canada vào năm 1855

Giải thích: đoạn 1

Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Start of a photographic career. Bắt đầu sự nghiệp nhiếp ảnh

• opened up a photographic studio in 1866

Mở một xưởng chụp ảnh vào năm 1866

• took photos of city life, but preferred landscape photography

Chụp những bức ảnh thành thị nhưng thích chụp ảnh phong cảnh

• people bought Henderson’s photos because photography took up considerable time and the 10 ……equipment………… was heavy

Mọi người mua những bức ảnh của Henderson vì nhiếp ảnh chiếm nhiều thời gian và thiết bị khá nặng

Giải thích: đoạn 5

There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of equipment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………