GIẢI CHI TIẾT ĐỀ THI IELTS READING: How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

GIẢI CHI TIẾT ĐỀ THI IELTS READING:

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

The typical way of talking to a baby – high-pitched, exaggerated and repetitious – is a source of fascination for linguists who hope to understand how ‘baby talk’ impacts on learning. Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to adult speech as early as 10 weeks before being born, gathering the basic building blocks of their family’s native tongue.

Cách nói chuyện điển hình đối với một em bé - giọng cao độ, cường điệu và lặp đi lặp lại - là nguồn thu hút đối với các nhà ngôn ngữ, những người mong sẽ hiểu " nói chuyện theo kiểu trẻ con" tác động như thế nào lên việc học. Hầu hết các em bé đều bắt đầu phát triển khả năng nghe từ trong bụng mẹ, khiến cho một số bậc cha mẹ tương lai mở nhạc cổ điển cho những chiếc bụng bầu của họ. Một vài nhà nghiên cứu thậm chí gợi ý rằng trẻ sơ sinh lắng nghe giọng nói của ngưới lớn rất sớm vào lúc trước khi sinh 10 tuần, nắm được các khối lắp ghép cơ bản về ngôn ngữ mẹ đẻ của gia đình chúng.

Early language exposure seems to have benefits to the brain – for instance, studies suggest that babies raised in bilingual homes are better at learning how to mentally prioritize information. So how does the sweet if sometimes absurd sound of infant-directed speech influence a baby’s development? Here are some recent studies that explore the science behind baby talk.

Tiếp xúc với ngôn ngữ từ sớm dường như có những lợi ích cho não - chẳng hạn, các nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng những đứa trẻ được nuôi trong những gia đình song ngữ sẽ giỏi hơn trong việc học cách ưu tiên thông tin. Vì vậy âm thanh đáng yêu dù là đôi khi ngớ ngấn của lời nói hướng đến trẻ sơ sinh ảnh hưởng như thế nào lên sự phát triển của một đứa bé. Ở đây có một vài nghiên cứu gần đây khám phá ra tính khoa học đằng sau "nói chuyện kiểu trẻ con".

Fathers don’t use baby talk as often or in the same ways as mothers – and that’s perfectly OK, according to a new study. Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day. ‘We found that moms do exactly what you’d expect and what’s been described many times over,’ VanDam explains. ‘But we found that dads aren’t doing the same thing. Dads didn’t raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.’ Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they’ll hear in public. ‘The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.

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Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day. The study found that the more baby talk parents used, the more their youngsters began to babble. And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status. ‘Those children who listened to a lot of baby talk were talking more than the babies that listened to more adult talk or standard speech,’ says Nairán Ramirez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut. ‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,’ she adds. ‘The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life.’

Another study suggests that parents might want to pair their youngsters up so they can babble more with their own kind. Researchers from McGill University and Université du Québec à Montréal found that babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults – which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents. They played repeating vowel sounds made by a special synthesizing device that mimicked sounds made by either an adult woman or another baby. This way, only the impact of the auditory cues was observed. The team then measured how long each type of sound held the infants’ attention. They found that the ‘infant’ sounds held babies’ attention nearly 40 percent longer. The baby noises also induced more reactions in the listening infants, like smiling or lip moving, which approximates sound making. The team theorizes that this attraction to other infant sounds could help launch the learning process that leads to speech. ‘It may be some property of the sound that is just drawing their attention,’ says study co-author Linda Polka. ‘Or maybe they are really interested in that particular type of sound because they are starting to focus on their own ability to make sounds. We are speculating here but it might catch their attention because they recognize it as a sound they could possibly make.’

In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a total of 57 babies from two slightly different age groups – seven months and eleven and a half months – were played a number of syllables from both their native language (English) and a non-native tongue (Spanish). The infants were placed in a brain-activation scanner that recorded activity in a brain region known to guide the motor movements that produce speech. The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills. ‘Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words" says co-author Patricia Kuhl. Another interesting finding was that while the seven-month-olds responded to all speech sounds regardless of language, the brains of the older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds compared to native sounds. The study may have also uncovered a process by which babies recognize differences between their native language and other tongues.

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Questions 14-17

Look at the following ideas (Questions 14-17) and the list of researchers below.
Match each idea with the correct researcher, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 the importance of adults giving babies individual attention when talking to them

15 the connection between what babies hear and their own efforts to create speech

16 the advantage for the baby of having two parents each speaking in a different way

17 the connection between the amount of baby talk babies hear and how much vocalising they do themselves

List of Researchers

A          Mark VanDam
B          Nairán Ramirez-Esparza
C          Patricia Kuhl

Questions 18-23

Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.

Research into how parents talk to babies

Researchers at Washington State University used 18……………………………, together with specialised computer programs, to analyse how parents interacted with their babies during a normal day. The study revealed that 19………………………… tended not to modify their ordinary speech patterns when interacting with their babies. According to an idea known as the 20……………………….., they may use a more adult type of speech to prepare infants for the language they will hear outside the family home. According to the researchers, hearing baby talk from one parent and ‘normal’ language from the other expands the baby’s 21………………………… of types of speech which they can practise.

Meanwhile, another study carried out by scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut recorded speech and sound using special 22……………………………… that the babies were equipped with. When they studied the babies again at age two, they found that those who had heard a lot of baby talk in infancy had a much larger 23……………………………. than those who had not.

Questions 24-26

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

24 a reference to a change which occurs in babies’ brain activity before the end of their first year.

25 an example of what some parents do for their baby’s benefit before birth

26 a mention of babies’ preference for the sounds that other babies make

ĐÁP ÁN VÀ GIẢI CHI TIẾT ĐỀ THI IELTS READING:

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

Questions 14-17

Look at the following ideas (Questions 14-17) and the list of researchers below.

Match each idea with the correct researcher, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14B the importance of adults giving babies individual attention when talking to them.

Tầm quan trọng của việc người lớn tập trung đặc biệt vào trẻ em khi nói chuyện với chúng.

Giải thích: B Nairán Ramirez-Esparza, đoạn D

‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,’ she adds. ‘The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life.’

15.C the connection between what babies hear and their own efforts to create speech.

Mối liên hệ giữa những gì trẻ con nghe được và những nỗ lực của bản thân để tạo ra lời nói.

Giải thích: C Patricia Kuhl, đoạn F

‘Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words" says co-author Patricia Kuhl.

Questions 18-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.

Research into how parents talk to babies

Researchers at Washington State University used 18……recording devices…………, together with specialised computer programs, to analyse how parents interacted with their babies during a normal day.

Các nhà nghiên cứu tại Đại học công lập Washington đã sử dụng các thiết bị ghi âm cùng với các chương trình máy tính chuyên biệt để phân tích các mà phụ huynh tương tác với những đứa bé của họ trong một ngày bình thường.

Giải thích: đoạn C

Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The study revealed that 19………dads…………… tended not to modify their ordinary speech patterns when interacting with their babies.

Nghiên cứu tiết lộ rằng những người cha không có xu hướng điều chỉnh kiểu nói chuyện bình thường của họ khi tương tác với con của mình.

Giải thích: đoạn C

‘We found that moms do exactly what you’d expect and what’s been described many times over,’ VanDam explains. ‘But we found that dads aren’t doing the same thing. Dads didn’t raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.’

Questions 24-26

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

24.F a reference to a change which occurs in babies’ brain activity before the end of their first year.

Đề cập đến sự thay đổi xảy ra trong hoạt động não của trẻ em trước khi năm đầu đời của chúng qua đi.

Giải thích: đoạn F

Another interesting finding was that while the seven-month-olds responded to all speech sounds regardless of language, the brains of the older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds compared to native sounds.